Contents
Part 1 · Understand - 1. PE + Rib Flare, Together · 2. The Anatomy: Sternum & Lower Ribs
Part 2 · The Science - 3. Bone, Wolff's Law & Loading · 4. How Muscle Actually Grows · 5. Why Ribcage Position Comes First · 6. Training the Stretched Position
Part 3 · The Framework - 7. The PE + Flare Priority Pyramid
Part 4 · Do It - 8. Self-Assessment · 9. The Foundation + Cheung Method · 10. The 16-Week Program · 11. Breathing & Posture
Bonus · Go Further - What to Expect · Common Mistakes
Reference - 12. FAQ · 13. References
How to Use This Program
If your chest sinks in the middle and your lower ribs jut out at the bottom, you don't have two unrelated problems - you have one ribcage sitting in the wrong position. This program fixes that position first, then builds on top of it. Give me ten minutes to explain why, and the rest will make sense.
There's a dedicated Pectus Excavatum Program for people whose only issue is the sunken sternum. This is the version for the very common case where excavatum and rib flare show up together. They share a root: the same forward-tilted, over-extended ribcage that deepens the dip also pops the lower ribs outward.17 Train only the chest and you can actually make the flare look worse. Train the ribcage position first and both improve at once.
Order beats effort. The person who spends six weeks getting their ribcage to stack - ribs down, breathing into the back and sides - and then loads the chest will out-result the person who benches hard from day one every single time. Read the science sections. They're short and they're the whole reason this works.
The four parts
- Part 1 - Understand. Why PE and rib flare travel together, and the anatomy of the muscles and ribs we're going to move - including the diaphragm and abdominal wall that actually control rib position.
- Part 2 - The Science. Why bone responds to load, how muscle grows, why ribcage position and breathing come before chest loading, and why training in a stretched position is the secret weapon for a chest with pectus.
- Part 3 - The Framework. The PE + Flare Priority Pyramid: what to fix, in order.
- Part 4 - Do It. Assess yourself, learn the foundation drills (breathing + anti-extension core) layered onto the clinically-studied Cheung chest plan, then run the 16-week program.
Every claim that needs backing has a small lime number, like this.1 They map to the full reference list in Section 14. The chest work is built on Cheung's 2005 clinical exercise plan1; the rib-flare and breathing work is built on chest-wall guidelines17 and respiratory-muscle-training research.10 Nothing here is made up.
Pectus Excavatum + Rib Flare, Together
Pectus excavatum (PE) is the most common chest-wall difference, showing up in roughly 1 in 250 to 1 in 400 births.3 The breastbone (sternum) sits deeper than usual, so the middle of the chest looks sunken. It happens because the cartilage joining the ribs to the sternum overgrows unevenly and pulls the sternum inward.1,3
Rib flare is when the lower front ribs - the bottom edge of your rib cage - angle and jut outward instead of sitting flat. On its own it can be structural, and it frequently travels with other chest-wall and skeletal patterns.18 With PE it is extremely common, and that's not a coincidence.
Why they show up together
Picture your ribcage as a basket that can tip. In the pectus-plus-flare pattern, the basket is tipped back and up at the top (the chronic "puffed up," extended posture) which pulls the bottom ribs forward and open. That same backward tilt deepens the sternal dip. So:
- The sternum is pulled back toward the spine - the excavatum.
- The lower ribs rotate forward and out - the flare.
- The diaphragm loses its flat, dome-shaped "parking spot" under the lower ribs, so breathing drifts up into the chest and neck.
- Shoulders round, head drifts forward, and the upper back rounds (kyphosis) to "match" the dip.
Here's the insight that drives this whole program: the bone is fixed, but the position of the ribcage is not. Where the ribs sit is held there by muscle and breathing habits - the diaphragm, the deep abdominals, and the way you brace. All trainable.
The Haller Index, in plain terms
Doctors measure PE depth with the Haller Index (HI): chest width divided by the sternum-to-spine distance at the deepest point.3 Higher = deeper.
| Category | Haller Index | What it generally means |
|---|---|---|
| Normal | ~2.0 | Average chest depth. |
| Mild | < 2.5 | Mostly cosmetic. Posture, ribcage, & muscle work pays off most here. |
| Moderate | 2.5 – 3.2 | Usually well tolerated. Train fully; prioritize the breathing cues. |
| Severe | > 3.2 | Higher chance of real symptoms. Train, but get cleared first. |
| Surgical threshold | > 3.25 | Common cut-off where the Nuss procedure is considered if symptomatic.3 |
You don't need a CT to start. Section 8 gives you a no-imaging way to estimate severity, check your flare, and pick your version.
What training CAN and CANNOT do (no hype)
- Bring the lower ribs down - restore the ribcage position so the flare is far less visible and the chest sits on a flatter, fuller base.
- Build the muscle around the dip - chest, shoulders, upper back - so the sunken area is less obvious.
- Fix the posture and breathing pattern - diaphragm down, ribs stacked, shoulders back.10
- Make you strong, fit, and confident - most of the battle.
- Re-shape bone and cartilage on command. Only a vacuum bell (select young, mild, flexible cases) or surgery reliably changes the skeleton.11,12
- Guarantee the dip or flare vanish completely. Lean and relaxed, some may always show. We change the frame around them.
- Replace medical care for a severe, symptomatic chest. Train smart, get assessed.
You get chest pain, a racing or skipping heartbeat, dizziness, or you're far more winded than peers during light activity. In severe PE the sternum can crowd the heart enough to limit it under hard effort3,4 - that's a clearance conversation. Most people with mild-to-moderate PE have normal resting heart and lung function.5
The Anatomy: Sternum & Lower Ribs
This is the most important section in Part 1. Two muscle systems matter here: the ones that drape over the chest wall (which we grow), and the ones that position the ribcage from the inside (which we re-train). Read it twice.
The muscles that drape the chest - and the "reverse origin" trick
Your sternum and ribs are bone, but a sheet of muscle wraps over and attaches to them. Cheung's clinical work is built on a simple fact: the muscles that move your arms also attach to your chest wall, so if you fix your arms in place, those same muscles pull on the chest instead.1 Pec major, pec minor, serratus anterior - anchor the arms and they tug the ribs and sternum from the front. That's why pressing and pullover-style work, done in a stretched position, do more than build mass.
The muscles that position the ribcage - the flare half of the equation
The flare is governed from the inside. Three players:
- The diaphragm. When it sits in a flat dome under the lower ribs, it pulls them gently down and in on every exhale. When the ribcage is tipped back, the diaphragm orients vertically and stops doing that job - the ribs stay flared.
- The deep abdominal wall (internal obliques, transversus). These attach to the lower ribs and the front of the pelvis. When they're long and weak - the classic "ribs up, pelvis tipped forward" posture - nothing pulls the bottom ribs down.
- The serratus anterior wraps the side of the ribcage and helps keep it positioned and connected to the shoulder blade.
"Stacking" the ribcage means getting the rib cage over the pelvis so the diaphragm and abdominals can do their job. It's not sucking your stomach in. It's a position - ribs down, slight posterior tilt, breathing into the back and sides - that you build with breathing drills and anti-extension core work, then keep under load.
Bone, Wolff's Law & Loading
Bone is not inert. It remodels in response to the mechanical loads placed on it - that's Wolff's Law, first described in 1892 and refined by Frost's "mechanostat" model: tissue adapts when strain crosses a threshold.6,7 Dynamic, changing loads drive adaptation far more than static ones.9
What this means for you: while you can't will your sternum to lift, the cartilage and bone of a young, flexible chest are responsive tissues. Loading the chest wall through a full, stretched range - plus, in the right cases, a vacuum bell - is the lever.11,12 The flexible teenage chest responds fastest; an adult chest responds more slowly but the muscle and posture changes are available at any age.
Skeletal change from training alone is modest and slow, and it favors the young and flexible. The big, reliable wins for most adults are ribcage position, muscle, and posture - which is exactly what changes how the dip and the flare look.
How Muscle Actually Grows
Muscle grows primarily from mechanical tension - challenging a muscle through a meaningful range, repeatedly, with progressively more load over time.8 Two variables matter most: total weekly volume (hard sets per muscle per week) and progression (adding reps or load as you adapt).15 Spreading that volume across a higher frequency helps you accumulate quality sets.16
For a PE chest, the muscle you build around the dip is what changes the visual the most. The goal isn't a bigger bench number - it's a fuller, broader chest and upper back that reframe the sunken area.
Why Ribcage Position Comes First
This is the section that separates a PE + flare program from a plain PE program. If you skip it, heavy pressing can make your flare worse and your dip look deeper. Don't skip it.
When the ribcage is tipped back, the diaphragm can't park under the lower ribs, breathing rides up into the chest, and the lower ribs stay flared. Loading the chest in that position just reinforces the tip. So the first job is to restore the position - ribs down, diaphragm domed - and learn to keep it while you breathe and brace.
Breathing is trainable - and it matters
The muscles of breathing respond to training like any other. Respiratory-muscle training measurably improves breathing-muscle strength and performance10 - and for our purposes, the act of practicing a full exhale into the back and sides is what teaches the lower ribs to come down. The exhale is where the flare is fixed.
Anti-extension core, not crunches
The core work in this program is anti-extension: bracing that resists the lower back arching and the ribs flaring up - dead bugs, planks with a posterior tilt, hollow positions. Mechanical tension drives that strength the same way it builds any muscle.9 This is the work that keeps the ribs stacked once you start loading.
Exhale fully → ribs come down → feel the lower abs engage → keep that position → now load. Every set in this program starts from a stacked ribcage. That single habit is why this works when generic chest training fails.
Training the Stretched Position
A growing body of research shows that training a muscle in its lengthened (stretched) position produces at least as much growth as full range, and often a small advantage.13,14 For a chest with pectus this is gold: exercises that load the chest while it's stretched open - deep flyes, pullovers, deep push-ups - build muscle and pull on the chest wall through range, exactly the mechanism Cheung's plan uses.1
The catch with flare: a deep stretch under load is also where ribs love to pop up. So in this program, every lengthened-position exercise is performed from a stacked ribcage with a braced exhale. You get the stretch benefit without feeding the flare.
The PE + Flare Priority Pyramid
Training has a hierarchy. Most people obsess over the small stuff and ignore the big stuff, then wonder why nothing changes.2 For a combined chest, the order is slightly different from plain PE - ribcage position sits underneath everything, because it's the platform the rest is built on.
Do the things at the bottom, first - that's the wide base everything else rests on. If you only ever nailed the bottom three rows, you'd still change how your chest looks.
Self-Assessment
Two quick checks - one for the dip, one for the flare. No imaging required.
A. Depth check (the dip)
- Lie on your back, relaxed. Look down your chest. A shallow visible dip = mild; a clear bowl = moderate; a deep, narrow well = severe (get cleared before loading hard).
- Flexibility test: can you consciously lift your sternum by taking a big breath and setting your posture? A chest that moves is a responsive chest.
B. Flare check (the ribs)
- Stand relaxed in front of a mirror. Do the bottom front ribs jut forward past the line of your stomach? Lie down and raise your arms overhead - if the lower ribs pop up toward the ceiling, that's flare and a tipped ribcage.
- Exhale test: breathe all the way out and gently draw the lower ribs down. If they move down easily, your flare is mostly positional (great news). If they stay stuck up, you'll spend more time on the breathing drills.
| Your picture | Version | Emphasis |
|---|---|---|
| Mild dip, positional flare | Standard | Even split - stack, then build. |
| Moderate dip, clear flare | Standard | Front-load weeks 1–4 with breathing/core before heavy loading. |
| Severe dip or symptoms | Cleared first | Get medical clearance; lean on the vacuum bell discussion + lighter loading. |
The Foundation + Cheung Method
Two layers. The Foundation re-positions the ribcage (the flare half). The Cheung-style chest plan loads and stretches the chest (the dip half). You do the Foundation first, every session, then the chest work.
Layer 1 - The Foundation (do first, every session)
- Setup
- On your back, feet on a wall or chair, hips & knees at 90°. Low back lightly flat.
- Do
- Inhale through the nose into your back and sides (not the chest). Exhale fully through pursed lips and feel the lower ribs drop down and the lower abs switch on. Pause at the bottom.
- Dose
- 5 breaths × 2 sets. This is the rep that fixes the flare.
- Do
- On your back, ribs down and lower back glued to the floor, lower opposite arm and leg slowly while keeping the ribs from popping up.
- Dose
- 6–8 per side × 2. If the ribs flare, shorten the range.
- Do
- Forearms on a wall, push the wall away to round the upper back slightly, slide up while keeping ribs down. Trains serratus to position the ribcage.
- Dose
- 8–10 reps × 2.
Layer 2 - The Cheung chest plan
Cheung's clinical sequence is warm-up mobility, then strengthening through a stretched range, with the arms anchored so the chest muscles pull on the chest wall.1 Every rep below starts from your stacked ribcage and a braced exhale.
- Do
- Dumbbells or cables/bands, slight elbow bend, let the chest stretch open at the bottom - without letting the ribs pop. Drive through range.
- Dose
- 10–14 reps × 3. Lengthened-position emphasis.13,14
- Do
- Dumbbell or band overhead, arms long, stretch back over the head and pull the ribs down on the way back - the rare move that loads the chest and trains rib position.
- Dose
- 10–12 reps × 3. Exhale and keep ribs down at the stretch.
- Do
- Dumbbells or barbell on a 30° incline. Ribs down, no arching the low back off the bench. Build the upper chest that reframes the dip.
- Dose
- 6–10 reps × 3.
The 16-Week Program
Four full-body days a week (every other day works perfectly). Every session opens with the Foundation, then chest/back priority work, then accessories. Pick your version:
Goal: own the stacked ribcage, learn the lifts, build base volume.
| Exercise | Sets × reps | Notes |
|---|---|---|
| Foundation (F1–F3) | 1 round | Non-negotiable warm-up |
| Incline DB press | 3 × 8 | Ribs down |
| Deep flye | 3 × 12 | Stretch, braced exhale |
| Pullover | 3 × 12 | Pull ribs down at stretch |
| Face pull | 3 × 15 | Posture |
| Exercise | Sets × reps | Notes |
|---|---|---|
| Foundation (F1–F3) | 1 round | |
| Row (chest-supported) | 4 × 10 | Don't let ribs flare |
| Lat pulldown | 3 × 10 | |
| Serratus punch | 3 × 12 | Ribcage position |
| Dead bug / plank | 3 sets | Anti-extension |
| Exercise | Sets × reps | Notes |
|---|---|---|
| Foundation (F1–F3) | 1 round | |
| Flat / low-incline press | 3 × 8 | |
| Cable flye (low→high) | 3 × 14 | Upper-chest fill |
| Goblet squat | 3 × 10 | Braced, ribs down |
| Hanging knee raise | 3 × 10 | Anti-extension core |
| Exercise | Sets × reps | Notes |
|---|---|---|
| Foundation (F1–F3) | 1 round | |
| Chest-supported row | 4 × 10 | Ribs down, no arch |
| Lat pulldown | 3 × 10 | Width |
| Pullover | 3 × 12 | Pull ribs down at the stretch |
| Pallof press | 3 × 12/side | Anti-rotation, ribs down |
| Ab-wheel rollout | 3 × 8–12 | Anti-extension core |
Goal: add load and reps while the ribcage stays stacked. Same days, push the top sets harder.
Goal: peak volume on chest/upper-back, keep the Foundation as the warm-up forever.
Goal: bodyweight base. A band and a doorway are enough.
| Exercise | Sets × reps | Notes |
|---|---|---|
| Foundation (F1–F3) | 1 round | |
| Deep push-up (hands elevated) | 3 × AMRAP | Chest stretch at bottom, ribs down |
| Band flye | 3 × 14 | Stretched position |
| Band pullover | 3 × 12 | Ribs down at stretch |
| Exercise | Sets × reps | Notes |
|---|---|---|
| Foundation (F1–F3) | 1 round | |
| Band row | 4 × 12 | |
| Serratus wall slide | 3 × 10 | |
| Dead bug + hollow hold | 3 sets | Anti-extension |
| Exercise | Sets × reps | Notes |
|---|---|---|
| Foundation (F1–F3) | 1 round | |
| Decline push-up | 3 × AMRAP | Upper chest |
| Split squat | 3 × 10/side | Ribs down |
| Plank reach-out | 3 sets | Anti-extension |
| Exercise | Sets × reps | Notes |
|---|---|---|
| Foundation (F1–F3) | 1 round | |
| Band row (wide) | 4 × 12 | Back width |
| Band pullover | 3 × 12 | Ribs down at the stretch |
| Pallof press (band) | 3 × 12/side | Anti-rotation |
| Hollow hold | 3 sets | Anti-extension core |
Your week at a glance
Breathing & Posture Plan
This is the daily glue. Two minutes, anywhere, keeps the ribcage stacked between sessions - and it's where the flare quietly resolves.
Trained breathing muscles and a repeatedly-practiced exhale change the resting position of your ribcage over weeks.10 Posture and rib position are habits - and habits respond to frequency, not intensity.
What to Expect, Month by Month
| Window | Flare | Dip / chest |
|---|---|---|
| Month 1 | Ribs come down more easily; you "find" the stacked position. | Learning the lifts; little visual change yet. |
| Month 2 | Flare visibly softer at rest as the position holds. | First strength jumps; chest starts to fill. |
| Month 3 | Stacked ribcage becomes your default standing posture. | Upper chest/back changes start reframing the dip. |
| Month 4+ | Flare mostly positional and controllable. | Clear cosmetic improvement; keep progressing load. |
Timelines vary with age, flexibility, and consistency. The flare usually responds faster than the dip because it's more positional. Bone change (if any) is the slowest piece.
Common Mistakes & Troubleshooting
- Heavy pressing before fixing the ribcage. The #1 mistake. Loading a tipped ribcage cements the flare. Stack first, then load.
- Arching the low back to "lift the chest." That's borrowed extension - it flares the ribs and fakes a taller sternum. Keep ribs down.
- Crunches for the flare. Spinal-flexion ab work doesn't position the ribcage. Use anti-extension work instead.
- Chasing only the bench number. The visual is built by chest/upper-back muscle and rib position, not a one-rep max.
- Skipping the breathing because it feels too easy. It is the rep that fixes the flare. Do it daily.
- All push, no pull. Without upper-back and serratus work, posture drifts forward and the dip looks deeper.
Meditation & Anxiety
A sunken chest with flared ribs carries a real psychological weight, and managing the anxiety around it is part of the work. People with pectus report measurably higher anxiety and a more negative body image than their peers.19,20
A daily meditation practice is one of the best-evidenced, lowest-cost tools for that anxiety, supported by randomized trials and large meta-analyses.21,22,23,24,25 It won't change the shape of your chest; it changes your relationship to the worry about it. Ten minutes a day is enough to start.
I'm no meditation expert, but I practise about 10 minutes every day, and it's made a big, big difference to how I carry all of this. The app I love is Waking Up by Sam Harris, it's the easiest way I've found to actually start and stick with it. If money's tight, use its scholarship: at sign-up you can set the price to $0 and try it completely free.
How to start, 10 minutes a day
- Guided first. Don't sit in silence wondering if you're doing it right, follow a guided session. Waking Up is what I use; choose the scholarship / $0 option to try it free.
- Same time daily. 10 minutes, ideally in the morning before you reach for your phone. Consistency beats length.
- Notice, don't fight. When a thought about your chest shows up, label it and return to the breath. That's the whole rep.
Pectus patients carry a documented anxiety and body-image burden,19,20 and mindfulness meditation has solid evidence for reducing anxiety.21,23 Ten minutes a day is a real, free tool, so it earns its place beside the training.
FAQ
Do I have PE + rib flare, or just one? +
Will building my chest make the flare worse? +
Do I need a gym? +
How long until I see a difference? +
Is the breathing work really necessary? +
Can a vacuum bell help too? +
What if my chest is severe or I have symptoms? +
References
Every lime number in this program maps to an entry below. Chest-training sources sit alongside the chest-wall and breathing literature that underpins the rib-flare work.
- Cheung SY-K. Exercise therapy in the correction of pectus excavatum. J Paediatr Respir Crit Care. 2005;1(2):10–13. - The primary source: warm-up + strengthening plan and the "reverse origin and insertion" mechanism.
- Kraemer WJ, Ratamess NA. Fundamentals of resistance training: progression and exercise prescription. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2004;36(4):674–688. - Training variables have a hierarchy; progression and prioritization drive results.
- Jaroszewski D, Notrica D, McMahon L, et al. Current management of pectus excavatum: a review and update of therapy and treatment recommendations. J Am Board Fam Med. 2010;23(2):230–239. - Prevalence, Haller Index, surgical thresholds.
- Das BB, Recto MR, Yeh T. Improvement in cardiopulmonary function after corrective surgery for pectus excavatum. (Cardiopulmonary effects of severe PE.)
- Stagnaro N, et al. Cardiovascular MRI assessment of pectus excavatum in pediatric patients. mrpectus research library, PMID 33256973. - Normal resting cardiac function in most PE.
- Wolff J. Das Gesetz der Transformation der Knochen (The Law of Bone Remodeling). Berlin: Hirschwald; 1892. - Bone adapts its structure to mechanical load.
- Frost HM. Bone's mechanostat: a 2003 update. Anat Rec A. 2003;275(2):1081–1101. - Strain-threshold model of bone adaptation.
- Schoenfeld BJ. The mechanisms of muscle hypertrophy and their application to resistance training. J Strength Cond Res. 2010;24(10):2857–2872. - Mechanical tension as the primary driver of growth.
- Robling AG, Duijvelaar KM, Geevers JV, et al. Modulation of appositional and longitudinal bone growth by applied static and dynamic load. Bone. 2001;29(2):105–113. - Dynamic loading drives bone adaptation.
- Illi SK, Held U, Frank I, Spengler CM. Effect of respiratory muscle training on exercise performance in healthy individuals: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Sports Med. 2012;42(8):707–724. - Respiratory-muscle training improves breathing-muscle strength/performance; supports the breathing work.
- Haecker FM, et al. Vacuum bell therapy for pectus excavatum: long-term experience at a single center. mrpectus research library, PMID 39488480. - Sternal elevation; younger/milder/flexible respond best.
- Obermeyer RJ, et al. Vacuum bell treatment of pectus excavatum: early North American experience & determinants of success. mrpectus research library, PMID 30414687, 35525808. - Compliance is key.
- Pedrosa GF, Lima FV, Schoenfeld BJ, et al. Partial range of motion training at long muscle lengths elicits favorable muscular adaptations. Eur J Sport Sci. 2022;22(8):1250–1260. - Lengthened partials ≥ full ROM for hypertrophy.
- Wolf M, Androulakis-Korakakis P, Fisher J, Schoenfeld B, Steele J. Partial vs full range of motion resistance training: a systematic review and meta-analysis. 2023. - Small advantage to training at long muscle lengths.
- Schoenfeld BJ, Ogborn D, Krieger JW. Dose-response relationship between weekly resistance training volume and increases in muscle mass. J Sports Sci. 2017;35(11):1073–1082. - More weekly sets → more growth, with diminishing returns.
- Schoenfeld BJ, Ogborn D, Krieger JW. Effects of resistance training frequency on measures of muscle hypertrophy. Sports Med. 2016;46(11):1689–1697. - Higher frequency aids accumulating quality volume.
- The pectus care guidelines: best-practice consensus guidelines from the joint specialists. mrpectus research library, PMID 38964837. - Chest-wall classification and management consensus; context for rib flare with pectus.
- Flaring of the ribs associated with other skeletal anomalies. mrpectus research library, PMID 14365170. - Rib flare can be structural and travel with other chest-wall/skeletal patterns.
- Body-image, self-concept and mental exposure in patients with pectus excavatum. mrpectus research library, PMID 21290134. - Measurable impact on body image and self-concept.
- Pectus excavatum and pectus carinatum patients suffer from lower quality of life and impaired body image. mrpectus research library, PMID 21440452. - Lower QoL and more negative body image vs peers.
- Goyal M, et al. Meditation programs for psychological stress and well-being: a systematic review and meta-analysis. JAMA Intern Med. 2014;174(3):357–368; PMID 24395196. - Mindfulness meditation programs reduce anxiety.
- Hofmann SG, et al. The effect of mindfulness-based therapy on anxiety and depression: a meta-analytic review. J Consult Clin Psychol. 2010;78(2):169–183; PMID 20350028. - Robust anxiety reduction across studies.
- Hoge EA, et al. Randomized controlled trial of mindfulness meditation for generalized anxiety disorder. J Clin Psychiatry. 2013;74(8):786–792; PMID 23541163. - RCT evidence in clinical anxiety.
- Kabat-Zinn J, et al. Effectiveness of a meditation-based stress reduction program in the treatment of anxiety disorders. Am J Psychiatry. 1992;149(7):936–943; PMID 1609875. - Early MBSR anxiety trial.
- Khoury B, et al. Mindfulness-based therapy: a comprehensive meta-analysis. Clin Psychol Rev. 2013;33(6):763–771; PMID 23796855. - Large meta-analysis supporting mindfulness for anxiety.
